(click on links below for further reading)
Audio for Reformation History II: (click here)
(Follow the notes below marked Part II)
Partial source material: Foxe's Book of Martyrs
1320 John Wycliffe (English philosopher, theologian, lay preacher, translator, reformer &
teacher at Oxford University) Followers
called Lollards. He translated the
entire
Bible into
English in 1382 from Latin & called it the Wycliffe Bible
1373 Jan Hus (Czech priest, philosopher, reformer) was born
Forerunner of the Reformation - burned
at the stake for heresy
Widespread concern
over corruption in the church
Before this point a
Bible was handwritten & cost a year’s wage
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Established the practice of selling indulgences for the dead
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Famed for his nepotism
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Personally involved in the infamous Pazzi Conspiracy (murder plot)
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Helped furthered the agenda of the Spanish Inquisition
1492 Pope Alexander VI fathered 7 children by at least 2 mistresses
1516 Erasmus
(priest & Greek scholar) publishes Greek translation of NT
Remission of temporal punishment/severe penances in
Purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church
was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages.
The earliest record of a plenary indulgence was Pope Urban
II’s declaration at the Council of Clermont in 1095 where he remitted all
penances incurred by crusaders.
Monies collected were used for building projects. In 1517, Pope Leo X offered indulgences
for those who gave alms to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. This was aggressively marketed by
Johann Tetzel as the purchase & sale of salvation for loved ones already
dead.
Indulgence:
The behavior or attitude of people who allow themselves to
do what they want, gratifying desire, catering to a mood or whim, granting pleasure,
practicing extravagance, liberal treatment, privilege
–
Protestant Reformation begins!
* Protesting indulgences/purgatory
* Liturgy in the language of the
people
* Receiving both bread & wine
* Married Priests
* Justification by Faith
* Identified the Papacy as the
Antichrist
* Later he wrote works challenging
the Catholic devotion to Mary,
Praying
to saints, transubstantiation, monasticism, authority of the pope…
1522 Martin
Luther translates NT into German language
1530 Augsburg Confession adopted by Lutherans
- King Henry VIII recognized as Supreme Head of Church of England
* Crowned King at age 17 in 1509,
married that same year
* Observant Catholic, he heard up
to 5 masses a day – except in hunting season
* Had 6 marriages & numerous
mistresses
- Decline of Feudalism, Rise of Nationalism, Rise of Common Law
- Increased circulation of the Bible in native languages via the printing press
- Increasing Literacy
1534 – Thos. Cromwell began the Dissolution of Monasteries
Catholic
Church owned up to 1/3 of the land in England
Henry
used the revenue to help build Naval & coastal defense
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Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, a Spaniard of Basque origin
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Military Background “God’s Soldiers” – training takes 8-14 years
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“If the church shall have defined anything to be black which to our eyes
appears to
be white, we ought in like manner to pronounce it to be black”
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Jesuit Universities & presence in 130 countries
1547 King Edward VI – Protestant (took the throne at age 9)
1547 King Edward VI – Protestant (took the throne at age 9)
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Child of Jane Seymour (3rd wife of Henry VIII)
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Ruled for 6 years (died at age 16) of lung infection
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Named Lady Jane Grey as his heir, excluding his half sisters, Mary &
Elizabeth
1553 – Queen Mary I of England (Bloody Mary)
-
Immediately deposed Jane Grey (who was ultimately beheaded)
-
Retroactively validated her father’s marriage to her mother & her claim to
rule
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1554 Mary married Philip II of Spain
-
Restoration of Roman Catholicism, revoked Protestant reforms
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Reigned for 5 years
-
Extremely well educated & accomplished woman
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Enjoyed fine clothes & gambling with cards
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Ordered 283 Protestants burned at the stake for heresy
- Died at age 42 of an ovarian
cysts or uterine cancer
- Eventually she shared a tomb with
Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey
1558 – Queen Elizabeth I of England
-
Protestant (could not be Catholic because she would be considered illegitimate)
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Considered many opinions in making policy in the church
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Catholics who remained loyal to the Pope were regarded as traitors
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Those who wanted the reforms to go much further were also not tolerated
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In 1559 The Reformation Bill defined the Church of England as believing:
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Communion as a Consubstantiation celebration
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Abuse of the Pope in the litany
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No Catholic vestments, banned images from churches
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Ministers could marry
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confirmed Elizabeth as Supreme Head of the Church of England
The
Bill failed
-
validated 10 acts that Mary had repealed
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confirmed Elizabeth as Supreme Governor of the Church of England
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allowed transubstantiation belief in Communion
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All bishops were removed (except one), a hundred instructors
at Oxford lost their jobs, and many dignitaries resigned rather than support
the Act of Supremacy. There was more destruction off roods, vestments, stone
altars, statues, ornaments
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forced to attend Sunday service in Anglican Church with new BCP
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kept wording that allowed for both understandings of Communion
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revoked harsh laws proposed against Catholics
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removed the abuse of the Pope from the litany
- Elizabeth’s reign lasted 44 years – Solidified
the Church of England
1563 - The Thirty-Nine Articles
- written largely by Thos. Cranmer beginning in 1536
- states Anglican doctrine as over against Roman Catholic practice or the more radically
Reformed Protestant (Calvinist) doctrine of the Puritans
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More savage episode of the Reformation took place – actually 3 wars
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Only partly about religion
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Abolition of BCP
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Puritan Parliament who wanted the last traces of Catholicism removed
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The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship ended
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Trial & execution of Charles I
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Oliver Cromwell was made Lord Protector
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Monarchy was restored in 1660
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Series of Peace Treaties
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ended 30 Years War in the Holy Roman Empire
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Protestant “William III of Orange” conquered England
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Overthrew King James II of England, a moderate Catholic
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Ended any chance of England returning to Catholicism
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Called “Glorious Revolution” because it was quick & very little bloodshed
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